Dehydration to phosphoenolpyruvate
Removing a water molecule forms phosphoenolpyruvate, whose phosphate has very high transfer potential.
Glycolysis · reversibleBUILD UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING
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20 linksConnected records
Produced inGlycolysisUsed inGluconeogenesisUsed inPentose phosphate pathwayUsed inGlycogen metabolismUsed inCitric acid cycleProduced inOxidative phosphorylationUsed inFatty acid β-oxidationUsed inCholesterol biosynthesis
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Used inUrea cycleHandled byEnolaseHandled byFructose-1,6-bisphosphataseHandled by6-PhosphogluconolactonaseHandled byGlycogen debranching enzymeHandled byCitrate synthaseHandled byFumaraseHandled byCytochrome c oxidaseHandled byATP synthase (complex V)Handled byEnoyl-CoA hydrataseHandled byHMG-CoA synthase (cytosolic)Handled byArginase 1
STRUCTURED REACTIONS
Open metabolism map Where it appears
Reverse the glycolytic payoff sequence
The reversible lower-glycolysis reactions proceed from PEP toward glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis · reversibleFructose 1,6-bisphosphate dephosphorylation
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase bypasses the irreversible PFK-1 step by hydrolysis.
Gluconeogenesis · irreversibleHydrolysis of the lactone
6-Phosphogluconolactonase opens the lactone ring to form 6-phosphogluconate.
Pentose phosphate pathway · irreversibleBranch-point removal
The debranching enzyme rearranges short chains and hydrolyzes alpha-1,6-linked glucose.
Glycogen metabolism · irreversibleCitrate formation
Citrate synthase condenses acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
Citric acid cycle · irreversibleShow 6 more reaction records
Fumarate hydration
Fumarase adds water across the double bond of fumarate to form malate.
Citric acid cycle · reversibleOxygen reduction at complex IV
Cytochrome c oxidase transfers four electrons to one oxygen molecule and forms two waters.
Oxidative phosphorylation · irreversibleATP synthesis by chemiosmosis
ATP synthase uses proton flow to drive ATP formation from ADP and phosphate.
Oxidative phosphorylation · irreversibleHydration
Enoyl-CoA hydratase adds water to form L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA.
Fatty acid β-oxidation · irreversibleHMG-CoA formation
Cytosolic HMG-CoA synthase adds a third acetyl unit to acetoacetyl-CoA.
Cholesterol biosynthesis · irreversibleUrea release
Arginase hydrolyzes arginine, releasing urea and regenerating ornithine.
Urea cycle · irreversible