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Pathways
33 recordsGlycolysis · Glycolysis (human)
The ten-step cytosolic pathway that splits one glucose into two pyruvate, with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Citric Acid cycle · Citric acid cycle in human metabolism
The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to two carbon dioxide molecules while regenerating oxaloacetate. Each turn yields three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP (or ATP), which feed biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation.
Apoptosis Signaling · Apoptosis signaling
The regulated pathways cells use to initiate and execute programmed cell death.
Branched-chain Amino acid catabolism · Branched-chain amino acid catabolism in human metabolism
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine share transamination and oxidative decarboxylation steps, then diverge. Leucine is ketogenic; isoleucine is both ketogenic and glucogenic; valine is glucogenic. Their carbon enters metabolism as acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, or succinyl-CoA.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis · Cholesterol biosynthesis in human metabolism
Cells build cholesterol from acetyl-CoA through the mevalonate pathway. Acetyl units form HMG-CoA, HMG-CoA reductase makes mevalonate, and activated isoprenes assemble into squalene, lanosterol, and finally cholesterol.
Fatty Acid synthesis · Fatty acid synthesis in human metabolism
In the fed state, cytosolic acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA. Fatty acid synthase uses an acetyl primer, repeated malonyl additions, and NADPH to build palmitate, which can then be elongated or desaturated.
Fatty Acid β-oxidation · Fatty acid β-oxidation in human metabolism
Mitochondrial beta-oxidation repeatedly oxidizes, hydrates, oxidizes again, and cleaves fatty acyl-CoA. Each complete turn shortens the chain by two carbons and yields acetyl-CoA, NADH, and electrons that reach ubiquinone.
Fatty-acid Oxidation · Fatty-acid oxidation
The stepwise breakdown of fatty acids that supplies acetyl-CoA and electron carriers to other pathways.
GLP-1 Receptor signaling · GLP-1 receptor signaling
Signaling through a class B GPCR activated by glucagon-like peptide 1 and related agonists.
Gluconeogenesis · Gluconeogenesis in human metabolism
Gluconeogenesis makes glucose from lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids, mainly in liver and kidney. It bypasses the three irreversible glycolysis reactions and shares the other reversible steps in the opposite direction.